AEMCA Practice Exam

Which group of substances can be found in urine, indicating abnormal conditions?

1. Sugars, hormones, electrolytes

2. Albumin, glucose, blood cells, ketones

3. Cholesterol, triglycerides, amino acids

4. Vitamins, minerals, proteins

The correct answer is: Albumin, glucose, blood cells, ketones

The presence of albumin, glucose, blood cells, and ketones in urine can serve as crucial indicators of abnormal conditions. Each of these substances reflects specific health issues: - Albumin is a type of protein that, when found in urine, may suggest kidney dysfunction or damage, which normally prevents large molecules from leaking into urine. - Glucose in urine usually indicates hyperglycemia, commonly associated with diabetes mellitus. Normally, glucose is reabsorbed by the kidneys, so its presence can signal that blood sugar levels have been excessively high. - Blood cells (red or white) in urine may suggest infections, inflammation, or trauma within the urinary tract, as healthy urine typically does not contain these cells. - Ketones in urine result from fat metabolism, which occurs when the body is not utilizing carbohydrates effectively, potentially indicating conditions such as diabetic ketoacidosis or prolonged fasting. These substances collectively help in diagnosing conditions related to the kidneys, diabetes, and other metabolic disorders, making their presence in urine a significant concern. Other groups of substances listed may appear in urine under normal circumstances or do not directly indicate specific abnormalities related to urinary health or systemic issues.