AEMCA Practice Exam

Which of the following is controlled by the medulla oblongata?

1. Speech production

2. Heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing

3. Visual reflexes

4. Emotional responses

The correct answer is: Heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing

The medulla oblongata plays a vital role in autonomic functions essential for survival. It is responsible for regulating involuntary activities, including heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing. This area of the brainstem acts as a control center for these critical functions by receiving input from various sensors throughout the body and responding as necessary to maintain homeostasis. Its influence on respiration is particularly significant, where it integrates signals from the body to adjust the breathing rate to meet metabolic demands. The other options relate to different brain functions. Speech production is primarily managed by areas in the cerebral cortex, particularly Broca's area. Visual reflexes are controlled by the midbrain, while emotional responses are largely mediated by the limbic system, which includes structures such as the amygdala and hippocampus. Thus, the medulla oblongata distinctly governs cardiovascular and respiratory regulation, making it the correct choice.